![]() Maritime navigation using scientific instruments such as the mariner's astrolabe first occurred in the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages. Early Pacific Polynesians used the motion of stars, weather, the position of certain wildlife species, or the size of waves to find the path from one island to another. Polynesian navigation is probably the earliest form of open-ocean navigation it was based on memory and observation recorded on scientific instruments like the Marshall Islands Stick Charts of Ocean Swells. In the European medieval period, navigation was considered part of the set of seven mechanical arts, none of which were used for long voyages across open ocean.
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